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Rapid Compression Machine Lab

Intro block State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy | Center For Combustion Energy

University Tsinghua University / School of Vehicle and Mobility
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Introduction to the laboratory

To achieve the goals of energy saving and emission reduction, enhancing compression ratio and better combustion organization are required. The main obstacle to further improving the power and efficiency of internal combustion engines (ICEs) is knock or deto-knock.  The suppression of detonation consists of many scientific issues, including chemical kinetics, shockwave, turbulence, and the interaction of those factors.

The Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) laboratory is affiliated to the State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy at Tsinghua University. The THU-RCM is able to decouple the complex factors in ICEs, i.e. turbulence and inlet temperature, thus providing resolution to practical problems under engine-relevant conditions. Meanwhile, THU-RCM can adapt to wide temperature and pressure range. Apart from multiple existing measurement methods, including pressure trace, visualization access, and intermediate species sampling, it provides even broader test range with the connection to one-dimensional detonation cavity and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Main fundamental studies in our lab are

         1) Development and validation of chemical kinetics mechanisms;

         2) Dynamics of deflagration-detonation transition inside confined space;

         3) Evaporation and combustion of a single droplet.

Besides, research focused on practical problems include:

         1) 3-D CFD simulation coupled with detailed chemical kinetics;

         2) Prediction and suppression of engine knock;

         3) Mechanism of pre-ignition that originates from particles and oil droplets;

         4) Fuel design and novel combustion modes development.

Since established in 2013, many projects have been assigned and completed in THU-RCM, including National Natural Science Foundation programs, 863 and 973 projects. International cooperation was also carried out with famous enterprises like GM, Commins and Afton. Up to now, about 20s SCI and 10s EI papers have been published. As recognized, THU-RCM attributes much to the studies about engine knock and reveals the essence of deto-knock in ICEs as detonation for the first time. The principal investigator of our lab, Professor Zhi Wang, was invited by Progress of Energy and Combustion Science to write a review named ''Knocking combustion in spark-ignition engines'', published in 2017. With such efforts, the works of RCM Lab provide solutions to engine knock in practical applications and give more insights into the mechanism of detonation initiation.

 

高效动力和清洁燃烧----第三十一期“清华大学长聘教授讲坛”

原文链接

发动机节能需要强化燃烧，排放法规又要求油品清洁化(添加醇醚）。这大幅提高了温度压力和燃料活性，使得燃烧达到极端条件，成为先进发动机研发的最大挑战。本团队2006年和奇瑞汽车公司合作承担国家863项目中年发现了内燃机中一种新的敲缸现象，超出常规爆震振幅1~2个数量级，取名“超级爆震”。2013年拍摄到了超级爆震发生瞬间的一幅燃烧图像很像蟹状星云，预示燃料分子和天体燃烧的科学相似性。2015年通过光学诊断证明了超级爆震是一种超声速传播的燃烧波（Detonation），揭示了其激波反射诱导近壁起爆的机制，对深入理解高效清洁内燃机爆震燃烧提供了实验和理论基础。这些基础研究也被成功应用到发动机爆震的抑制和利用中，为我国汽车发动机功率密度达到100kW/L先进水平提供了关键技术支撑。2017年应《能源与燃烧科学进展》PECS邀请发表了发动机爆震燃烧综述论文，提出了车、船、空、天发动机中爆震燃烧共性问题和超级爆震的解决方案，对于先进发动机的研发和工业安全生产具有指导意义。

      ·微观世界和宏观宇宙，蕴藏着无限的科学之美！

      ·高效动力和清洁燃烧，汇聚了无尽挑战和志趣！

 

王志教授简介

        王志，汽车工程系教授。1994年获湖南大学学士学位，2002年获华中理工大学硕士，2005年获清华大学博士。博士毕业留校后一直承担本科生基础课和研究生学位课的一线教学，主讲汽车发动机原理（清华大学精品课）。任中国内燃机学会汽油机和燃气机分会副主任委员、燃料与润滑油分会秘书长。王志教授致力于高效清洁燃烧和混合动力的研发，其团队在能源与燃烧科学重要期刊发表论文约 60 篇，包括《能源与燃烧科学进展》、《中国科学》、《燃烧与火焰》，发明专利约50项，国际会议特邀报告约30次。推动了我国内燃机科技的源头创新和国际影响，获中国汽车工业技术发明一等奖和内燃机学会自然科学一等奖。2018年6月，被聘为清华大学长聘教授。

 

IJER highly cited paper

清华汽车系青年教师王志应邀发表发动机爆震燃烧综述文章

原文链接

 清华新闻网5月6日电 5月4日，清华大学汽车系青年教师王志及其课题组在《能源与燃烧科学进展》（Progress in Energy and Combustion Science）在线发表题为“火花点火发动机中的爆震燃烧”（Knocking Combustion in Spark-ignition Engines）的综述文章。 

高温高压条件下常规爆震和超级爆震机理的光学诊断。

       论文集综述和研究为一体，结合爆震机理燃烧理论和爆震控制工程应用，系统地阐述了内燃机中爆震研究最新进展，包括爆震指数与燃料燃烧化学、压力震荡与壁面传热增强、爆燃转爆轰以及影响燃烧波模态和起爆模式的关键因素。在此基础上，综述了内燃机爆震控制方法，提出了爆震的抑制和利用的共性问题，展望了车、船、空、天发动机和工业爆炸领域中“宽温度压力条件下爆震燃烧模态转换与调控”的研究方向，对于先进发动机的研发和工业安全生产具有重要指导意义。王志为第一作者兼通讯作者。

  

传统爆震和超级爆震对发动机的典型破坏形式：(a) 传统爆震 (b) 超级爆震。

       王志及其所在的“燃烧与排放课题组”一直致力于内燃机高效能量转换和清洁燃料燃烧的研究，他本人先后主持了国家自然科学基金青年面上重点项目、973、863课题，在内燃机爆震燃烧机理、爆震波模态转换和缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）爆震燃烧抑制和利用的探索方面开展了大量研究，并取得了一系列重要突破。通过与共建单位清华大学燃烧能源中心在基础燃烧方面进行合作，王志课题组提出了“早燃是超级爆震发生的必要非充分条件”的论点，发明了用快速压缩机（RCM）研究发动机超级爆震的方法，首次发现了超级爆震中存在爆轰（Detonation）现象，并发展了爆震燃烧光学诊断方法，建立了压力波和化学反应耦合的震荡燃烧传热模型，提出了激波反射诱导爆轰的机制，揭示了近壁起爆机理，进而提出了高温高压条件下爆震燃烧控制方法。

        以上成果相继发表在《中国科学》（Sci China）、《燃烧与火焰》(Combustion and Flame)、《国际燃烧会议》（Proceeding of Combustion Institute）、《燃烧科学与技术》（Combustion Science and Technology）、《激波》（Shock Waves）、《燃料》（Fuel）、《能源》（Energy）、《能量转换与管理》（Energy Conversion and Management）、《发动机研究》（International Journal of Engine Research）等国际期刊上（ESI高被引论文4篇），引起了学术界的广泛关注。

      《能源与燃烧科学进展》（Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, PECS）是能源与燃烧领域的顶级期刊，专门邀请该领域知名专家撰写综述论文。最新公布的PECS期刊5年影响因子为23.634，在机械工程（132个期刊）和热力学（58个期刊）两个领域排名榜首。

 

 

• Deto-Knock

Occurrence of sporadic super-knock is the main obstacle in the development of advanced gasoline engines. By utilizing a rapid compression machine, events of pre-ignition and super-knock in a closed system under high temperature and high pressure were captured by synchronous high-speed direct photography and pressure measurement. Two different types of engine super-knock could exist. The first type is the super-knock induced by pre-ignition followed by deflagration of the end-gas. This type of super-knock is quite similar to conventional knock and usually causes moderate pressure oscillation. The second type of super-knock exhibits significantly higher magnitude of pressure oscillation than that of the first type due to the detonation of the end-gas. The second type of super-knock is designated as ‘‘Deto-knock’’.

Three conditions must coexist for deto-knock to occur. First, pre-ignition triggers the combustion. Second, end-gas pressure and temperature are high enough to cause detonation. Third, local hot-spot exists in the end-gas that triggers the detonation of the end-gas. The mechanism of deto-knock could be described as hotspot-induced deflagration followed by hot-spot-induced detonation in the end-gas.

The above mechanism obtained in the RCM can also be used to explain the phenomena of super-knock in boosted gasoline engines, as shown in the following Figure. First, pre-ignition occurs before TDC due to a local hot-spot (oil, deposit, oil-gasoline, etc.) in the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. A pre-ignition-triggered flame propagates from the hot-spot to the rest of the mixture. Then, the spark ignition occurs, and the 2nd flame front may propagate if the spark ignition is in an unburned zone. The rapid expansion of the burned gas rapidly compresses the unburned mixture to higher temperature and pressure (about 1000 K, 10 MPa). Finally, a second hotspot (or multiple hot-spots) in the end gas induces the detonation of the un-burned mixture at high temperature and high pressure.

As the timing of the “hot spot” combustion in the unburned mixture is crucial to detonation, this mechanism also helps to explain why an earlier pre-ignition does not always lead to a higher knock intensity. If the “hot spot” appears too early, the in-cylinder pressure and temperature are relatively low. It may turn out to be a deflagration, similar to the combustion processes in the 1st stage. If the “hot spot” appears too late, the majority of the mixture has already been consumed by the deflagration, and pressure tends to decrease with the downward movement of the piston. As a result, the pressure rise and pressure oscillation will be smaller. If the “hot spot” starts near TDC, it is likely to trigger detonation under high pressure and high temperature conditions.

 

The energy density of the unburned end-gas mixture at the onset of knock was identified as a criterion for super-knock. For gasoline fuel in the test engine, when the energy density of the unburned end-gas mixture exceeded 30 MJ/m3, super-knock was always observed. For lower energy densities, knock or non-knock was observed.

REPRSENTATIVE PAPERS：

  1. Y. Qi, Y. Xu, Z. Wang, J. Wang, The effect of oil intrusion on super knock in gasoline engine, SAE Technical Papers (2014).
  2. Z. Wang, H. Liu, T. Song, Y. Xu, J.X. Wang, D.S. Li, T. Chen, Investigation on pre-ignition and super-knock in highly boosted gasoline direct injection engines, SAE Technical Papers (2014).
  3. Z. Wang, F. Wang, S.J. Shuai, Study of Engine Knock in HCCI Combustion using Large Eddy Simulation and Complex Chemical Kinetics, SAE Technical Papers (2014).
  4. Z. Wang, H. Liu, T. Song, Y. Qi, X. He, S. Shuai, J. Wang, Relationship between super-knock and pre-ignition, International Journal of Engine Research 16 (2015) 166-180.
  5. Z. Wang, Y. Qi, X. He, J. Wang, S. Shuai, C.K. Law, Analysis of pre-ignition to super-knock: Hotspot-induced deflagration to detonation, Fuel 144 (2015) 222-227.
  6. Y. Qi, Z. Wang, J. Wang, X. He, Effects of thermodynamic conditions on the end gas combustion mode associated with engine knock, Combustion and Flame 162 (2015) 4119-4128.
  7. Z. Wang, H. Liu, R.D. Reitz, Knocking combustion in spark-ignition engines, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 61 (2017) 78-112.

• Detonation Initiation

       高温高压封闭体系内的起爆和传统的爆燃转爆轰（DDT）机理有所不同，由于约束壁面的影响，原本在自由空间中会熄灭的爆轰能够经由反射聚焦而强化，得以传播。而传统的火焰加速机理同样也适用，如下图所示，火核发展过程逐渐形成皱褶火焰面，逐渐加速抵达壁面，接近壁面处的未燃气体收到压缩，发生自燃，产生的激波在壁面附近马赫反射，最终形成爆轰波。

      本课题组通过可视化快速压缩机实验，已经探明高温高压封闭体系内的两种起爆模式：激波壁面反射起爆（shock wave reflection induced detonation，SWRID），激波与火焰面交互起爆（shock wave and flame front induced detonation, SWFID），二者都是由于末端自燃产生的激波到达界面，发生了形态转变，形成压力温度骤升的局部热点，使得激波与反应面耦合，发展成为爆轰，两种起爆模式的示意图如下。

SWRID：

SWFID：

1.SWRID

       由边缘点火产生的火焰面向下传播的过程中，同时产生了弱激波，入射激波在壁面处发生马赫反射，随着夹角不断减小，三波点贴近壁面，滑移线与壁面之间急剧压缩形成高温区，三波点的激波汇聚导致局部热爆炸，化学反应面得以和激波面耦合产生爆轰。温度（左）、压力（右）。

2.SWFID

       中心点火时，我们还观察到火焰面附近的起爆现象，SWFID。首先，火焰传播过程引发了末端自燃，上方的自燃产生了向下传播的反应面和激波，激波在抵达中心火焰面时，会产生折射，和三波点有着类似效果，形成了界面上的局部热点，最后起爆，同样在后续的传播中，在近壁处产生了更强的二次起爆，即SWRID。第一列：温度（左）、压力（右），第二列：HCO（左）、OH（右），第三列为同步实验图片。

代表性论文： 

  1. Z. Wang, Y. Qi, H. Liu, P. Zhang, X. He, J. Wang, Shock wave reflection induced detonation (SWRID) under high pressure and temperature condition in closed cylinder, Shock Waves 26 (2016) 687-691.
  2. Xiang S, Qi Y, Wang Z, Wang J. Numerical simulation of detonation initiation induced by shock wave reflection in a rapid compression machine (in Chinese). Sci Sin Tech 2016;46:1287–95.
  3. Y. Wang, Y. Qi, S. Xiang, R. Mével, Z. Wang, Shock wave and flame front induced detonation in a rapid compression machine, Shock Waves 28 (2018) 1109-1116.
  4. Han W, Gao Y, Law CK. Flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition in micro-and macro-channels: An integrated mechanistic study. Combustion and Flame. 2017, 176:285-98.
  5. Han WH, Huang J, Du N, Liu ZG, Kong WJ, Wang C. Effect of Cellular Instability on the Initiation of Cylindrical Detonations. Chinese Physics Letters. 2017, 34(5):054701.

 

 

• Droplet Evaporation and Ignition

机油液滴是发动机超级爆震的主要早燃源，对单个液滴的蒸发与着火过程的研究有助于探明液滴诱发早燃的机理，提供消除早燃源的方法。因此，本课题组建立了基于快速压缩机研究液滴蒸发与着火过程的实验方法。

1.常压高温条件下液滴蒸发与着火过程

常压高温条件下，机油液滴将经历较长的吸热时间，同时，其中的轻组分会率先蒸发并引发液滴表面微爆、形成燃油蒸气的周期性喷发。机油液滴火焰面形成于较远位置，这是由于轻组分喷发并扩散至周围环境导致的。

2.高温高压条件下液滴蒸发与着火过程

在快速压缩机中使用微米级石英丝挂滴方法，借助高速相机和长工作距离显微镜，能够很好地捕捉液滴蒸发与着火过程。在着火过程中，由于温度上升，机油表面张力及粘性下降，出现了液滴分离的现象，液滴着火后，进而引燃周围可燃混合物气。

3.大气环境中异辛烷液滴蒸发过程

本课题还开展了常温常压下，燃料（异辛烷）液滴蒸发过程的研究。实验结果可供验证液滴蒸发数值模型的准确性，同时提供与机油液滴的对照。

 

液滴蒸发过程数值模拟

针对机油液滴蒸发过程建立了多组分瞬态一维液滴蒸发数学模型，描述液相、气相与相界面热力学、动力学过程，可分析液滴内部温度、组分浓度、液滴半径与寿命等随时间及环境条件的变化过程。下图显示高温高压环境中液滴温度随半径的分布，同时随时间的变化。

       模拟计算所用数学模型如下：

       气相过程：

        

       液相过程：

       相平衡：

       下列结果为液滴内部温度分布：

代表性论文：

  1. Shubo Fei, Yuliang Qi, Yanfei L, Zhi Wang, et al. The Finite Heat Conduction Model of Single Droplet Combustion and its Verification. 26th ICDERS. 2017, Boston, MA, USA.
  2. 费舒波，齐运亮，李雁飞，张会强，王志. 高温高压环境下机油液滴蒸发特性数值模拟. 内燃机学报. 2018.
  3. Shubo Fei, Zhi Wang, Yunliang Qi, Yingdi Wang, Huiqiang Zhang. Ignition of a Single Lubricating Oil Droplet in Combustible Ambient Gaseous Mixture under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions. Combustion Science and Technology. 2018.
  4. Shubo Fei, Zhi Wang, Yunliang Qi, Yingdi Wang. Investigation on Ignition of a Single Lubricating Oil Droplet in Premixed Combustible Mixture at Engine-Relevant Conditions. SAE Technical Paper. 2019-01-0298.
  5. Shubo Fei, Yingdi Wang, Yunliang Qi, Zhi Wang, Huiqiang Zhang. Investigation on explosion of lubricating oil droplet during combustion of ambient gaseous mixture under high pressure and temperature conditions. 15th International Conference on Flow Dynamics. 2018. Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.

 

 

 

 

 

 
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