Detection and recognition of Chinese porcelain inlay images of traditional Lingnan architectural decoration based on YOLOv4 technology

AbstractWith the rapid development of machine learning technology, it has become possible to automatically identify cultural heritage elements in traditional buildings. This research aimed to develop a machine learning model based on the YOLOv4 architecture to identify the traditional Chinese porcelain inlay pattern in the Lingnan region. The researchers collected and annotated a large quantity of Lingnan Chinese porcelain inlay image data and then used these data to train the studied model. The research results show that (1) the model in this study was specifically adjusted to effectively identify a variety of Chinese porcelain inlay pattern types, including traditional patterns such as plum blossoms and camellias. (2) In the 116th epoch, the model showed excellent generalization ability, and the verification loss reached the lowest value of 0.88. The lowest training loss in the 195th epoch was 0.99, indicating that the model reached an optimal balance point for both recognition accuracy and processing speed. (3) By comparing different models for detecting Chinese porcelain inlay images across 581 pictures, our YOLOv4 model demonstrated greater accuracy in most classification tasks than did the YOLOv8 model, especially in the classification of chrysanthemums, where it achieved an accuracy rate of 87.5%, significantly outperforming YOLOv8 by 58.82%. However, the study also revealed that under certain conditions, such as detecting apples and pears in low-light environments, YOLOv8 showed a lower missing data rate, highlighting the limitations of our model in dealing with complex detection conditions.

Application of computer vision technology in surface damage detection and analysis of shedthin tiles in China: a case study of the classical gardens of Suzhou

AbstractIn computer artificial intelligence, there is great potential in research on the protection of Suzhou's traditional gardens, a world cultural heritage site. As a special material in Suzhou's traditional garden architecture, shedthin tile is widely used in roof base laying and is one of the important materials for building roofs. However, professionals need to reach the roof and spend much time and effort assessing the damage before repairing it. Therefore, the main goals of this study are to investigate a machine learning-based method for finding targets and determining the type of surface damage on a shedthin tile using the YOLOv4 model trained in this study. Using 500 shedthin tile on-site photos as training samples, the model was trained for 750 epochs. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) An object detection method based on machine learning can efficiently and accurately identify damage content, overcoming the manpower and time–cost limitations of traditional assessment methods. (2) The detection model in this study has an accuracy of 85.89% for water stain recognition of shedthin tiles, 93.29% for surface scaling, 87.37% for color aberration, and 96.15% for too wide a gap. The comprehensive accuracy is 90.20%, which meets the basic testing requirements. (3) The model demonstrated its robustness and reliability in complex environments in application tests in actual scenarios, providing a methodological reference for computer vision and target detection technology in cultural heritage protection.

The Development and Reflection of Urban Planning in Dili, Timor-Leste, from the Per-spective of the China-Portugal Cooperation Platform

Preliminary Study on Waste Incineration and Electricity Conversion in Macau

Under the rapid development of the city, our city also produces a large amount of garbage, including ordinary household garbage, construction waste, and hazardous waste. Macau is a small area. If the domestic landfill method is adopted, the land area occupied by it will be the same as the land area of the entire Macau Peninsula. Therefore, as early as the mid-1980s, Macau established a waste treatment mode based on incineration and landfill supplementation. Since the waste incineration center’s completion in 1992, it has received three pieces of garbage with international advanced levels. In the treatment line, the exhaust gas reached the current EU emission standards. With the advocacy of the concept of eco-city construction, Macau’s urban waste treatment has also added a number of sustainable development measures, such as waste incineration, the production of fertilizer, and the recycling of household food waste. Based on field investigation and interview research, this study finally puts forward corresponding suggestions for the predicament of waste incineration in Macau.

Non-destructive testing research on the surface damage faced by the Shanhaiguan Great Wall based on machine learning

The Shanhaiguan Great Wall is a section of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Both sides of its basic structure are composed of rammed earth and gray bricks. The surface gray bricks sustain damage from environmental factors, resulting in a decline in their structural quality and even a threat to their safety. Traditional surface damage detection methods rely primarily on manual identification or manual identification following unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photography, which is labor-intensive. This paper applies the YOLOv4 machine learning model to the gray surface bricks of the Plain Great Wall of Shanhaiguan as an illustration. By slicing and labeling the photos, creating a training set, and then training the model, the proposed approach automatically detects four types of damage (chalking, plants, ubiquinol, and cracking) on the surface of the Great Wall. This eliminates the need to expend costly human resources for manual identification following aerial photography, thereby accelerating the work. Through research, it is found that 1) compared with manual detection, this method can quickly and efficiently monitor a large number of wall samples in a short period of time and improve the efficiency of brick wall detection in ancient buildings. 2) Compared with previous approaches, the accuracy of the current method is improved. The identifiable types are increased to include chalking and ubiquinol, and the accuracy rate increases by 0.17% (from 85.70% before to 85.87% now). 3) This method can quickly identify the damaged parts of the wall without damaging the appearance of the historical building structure, enabling timely repair measures.

Research on The Optimization of Spatial Pattern of Traditional Residential Buildings in Lingnan Based on Spatial Syntax Calculation Analysis

Origin, development and evolution: the space construction and cultural motivations of Shi Gandang temple in Macau

PurposeThis study aims to explore the relationship between folk religious place-making and the development of urban public spaces and summarize its influence on community network construction and daily behavior to discover the authentic practices and role of folk faith culture in social space.Design/methodology/approachTaking Macau's Shi Gandang Temple and its belief culture as an example, on-site research, historical evidence and interviews were used to elaborate and analyze the processes of place-making, social functions, management mechanisms and folk culture to establish a new perception of folk religious place-making in contemporary urban spaces.FindingsThe article argues that the culture of folk beliefs profoundly influences urban spaces and the social management system of Macau and has a positive significance in building the local community and geopolitical relations. In addition, it suggests that the participation of folk religious places in local practices is important as key nodes and emotional hubs of local networks, reconciling conflicts between communities of different backgrounds and driving urban spaces toward diversity while forming a positive interaction and friendly cooperation between regional development and self-contained management mechanisms, governance models and cultural orientations.Originality/valueThis study takes an architectural and anthropological perspective of the impact of faith on urban spaces and local governance, using the Shi Gandang Temple in Macau as an example, to complement related studies.

Intelligent Generation Method and Sustainable Application of Road Systems in Urban Green Spaces: Taking Jiangnan Gardens as an Example

This paper takes the garden road system as the research object and proposes a method of generating paths for classical gardens based on parametric design. Firstly, by studying the distribution characteristics of roads, the data on the curvature, angle, and view area of roads were collected. Secondly, the obtained data were transferred to the parameterized platform, and a method of intelligent generation was used for calculation. Finally, the road system was optimized by the genetic algorithm for better application in modern landscape design. According to the current situation, the road system plan generated by the algorithm inherits the characteristics of classical garden roads. This method can be applied to the courtyard, the community park, the urban park, and other objects. This research not only identifies the characteristics of landscape cultural heritage, but also produces an innovative, intelligent design tool. It provides new methods for the parameterized inheritance and application of traditional landscape heritage.

Automatic Detection and Recognition Method of Chinese Clay Tiles Based on YOLOv4: A Case Study in Macau

The Impact of High-Density Urban Wind Environments on the Distribution of COVID-19 Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of Macau

The COVID-19 epidemic has become a global challenge, and the urban wind environment, as an important part of urban spaces, may play a key role in the spread of the virus. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the impact of urban wind environments on the spread of COVID-19 is of great significance for formulating effective prevention and control strategies. This paper adopts the conditional generative confrontation network (CGAN) method, uses simulated urban wind environment data and COVID-19 distribution data for machine training, and trains a model to predict the distribution probability of COVID-19 under different wind environments. Through the application of this model, the relationship between the urban wind environment and the spread of COVID-19 can be studied in depth. This study found that: (1) there are significant differences in the different types of wind environments and COVID-19, and areas with high building density are more susceptible to COVID-19 hotspots; (2) the distribution of COVID-19 hotspots in building complexes and the characteristics of the building itself are correlated; and (3) similarly, the building area influences the spread of COVID-19. In response to long COVID-19 or residential area planning in the post-epidemic era, three principles can be considered for high-density cities such as Macau: building houses on the northeast side of the mountain; making residential building layouts of “strip” or “rectangular” design; and ensuring that the long side of the building faces southeast (the windward side). (4) It is recommended that the overall wind speed around the building be greater than 2.91 m/s, and the optimal wind speed is between 4.85 and 8.73 m/s. This finding provides valuable information for urban planning and public health departments to help formulate more effective epidemic prevention and control strategies. This study uses machine learning methods to reveal the impact of urban wind environments on the distribution of COVID-19 and provides important insights into urban planning and public health strategy development.

Research on the intelligent generation of the spatial form of the island city historic district Based on parameterization: taking Macau Taipa Village as an example

Predicting the distribution of COVID-19 through CGAN—Taking Macau as an example

Machine learning (ML) is an innovative method that is widely used in data prediction. Predicting the COVID-19 distribution using ML is essential for urban security risk assessment and governance. This study uses conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) to construct a method to predict the COVID-19 hotspot distribution through urban texture and business formats and establishes a relationship between urban elements and COVID-19 so that machines can automatically predict the epidemic hotspots in cities. Taking Macau as an example, this method is used to determine the correlation between the urban texture and business hotspots of Macau and the new epidemic hotspot clusters. Different types of samples afforded different epidemic prediction accuracies. The results show the following: (1) CGAN can accurately predict the distribution area of COVID-19, and the accuracy can exceed 70%. (2) The results of predicting the COVID-19 distribution through urban texture and POI data of hospitals and stations are the best, with an accuracy of more than 60% in experiments in different regions of Macau. (3) The proposed method can also predict other areas in the city that may be at risk of COVID-19 and help urban epidemic prevention and control.

Intelligent approach to mining cultural tourism potential areas based on YOLOv4: insights from Macau

Research on Architectural Design Technology of Macau World Heritage Building Mandarin’s House in Response to Hot and Humid Climate

The climate of Lingnan determines the form of the building. As a well-preserved representative building in the world cultural heritage of Macau with the characteristics of Lingnan architectural style, the Mandarin’s House reflects the architectural design of the subtropical zone and the humid and hot climate of Macau, which is worthy of later analysis, study and research application.

Exploring the Relationship of Form and Hierarchy from the Perspective of Architectural Space and Components Taking the Mandarin’s House in Macau as an Example

In Macau, China, there are still many traditional buildings built at the end of the 19th century. Among the traditional residential buildings with Lingnan style, the Mandarin’s House is the largest, covering an area of 4,000 square meters. It consists of a number of buildings of different styles and open spaces. There are more than 60 large and small rooms. It is a rare family-style building complex in Macau. The building has a depth of more than 120 meters along the direction of Rua da Barra. The gate building, the servant room building and the two juxtaposed courtyard buildings behind the main gate building are arranged in sequence. In the 1950s and 1960s, the descendants of the Zheng family lived in different places and developed independently. Many spaces in the Mandarin’s House were sub-leased, and at one time more than 300 people lived in it. The scene of "Seventy-two Tenants" appears. It is precisely because there are so many families and tenants living there that the size of the space, the architectural components and the details of the decoration can all reflect the hierarchical system still retained in the late Qing Dynasty.

Research on the Protection of Macau Water-Faring Community (Dan Jia) from the Perspective of Urban Heritage

The Study of Environment and Plant Landscape of the Garden of Mountain Russa (Jardim Municipal da Montanha Russa) in Macau

Garden of Mountain Russa (Jardim Municipal da Montanha Russa) is a municipal park built in the 19th century in Macau. Because it was located on the edge of the city at the initial stage of construction, near the cemetery, it gradually became abandoned. However, 40 years ago, it was renovated and opened to the public. It belongs to a small-scale hill-type park in a high-density city and has robust research significance for the early native tree species in Macau. The objective of the study is to analyze the environment and plant configuration of small municipal parks in a high-density city and Macau with limited land resources. The results of the study revealed common planting patterns in small municipal parks of mountain type and seasonal analysis of native tree species and plants in Macau. However, due to the problems of diseases and insect pests and improper human handling in the current plant landscape environment, three corresponding solutions were proposed at last.

Revealing the Impact of Urban Form on COVID-19 Based on Machine Learning: Taking Macau as an Example

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a re-examination of the urban space, and the field of planning and architecture is no exception. In this study, a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) is used to construct a method for deriving the distribution of urban texture through the distribution hotspots of the COVID-19 epidemic. At the same time, the relationship between urban form and the COVID-19 epidemic is established, so that the machine can automatically deduce and calculate the appearance of urban forms that are prone to epidemics and may have high risks, which has application value and potential in the field of planning and design. In this study, taking Macau as an example, this method was used to conduct model training, image generation, and comparison of the derivation results of different assumed epidemic distribution degrees. The implications of this study for urban planning are as follows: (1) there is a correlation between different urban forms and the distribution of epidemics, and CGAN can be used to predict urban forms with high epidemic risk; (2) large-scale buildings and high-density buildings can promote the distribution of the COVID-19 epidemic; (3) green public open spaces and squares have an inhibitory effect on the distribution of the COVID-19 epidemic; and (4) reducing the volume and density of buildings and increasing the area of green public open spaces and squares can help reduce the distribution of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Research on the Plane Spatial Form of Economic Housing Based on Space Syntax Theory: Macau EDF. de Alameda da Tranquilidade as an Example

Since the reform and opening up, the city has steadily promoted the renovation of old maternity houses, towns and villages in response to the call of the state, thus promoting urban renewal, realizing urban economic development, industrial upgrading and people's livelihood improvement. The living density of economic housing is high, and the quality needs to be further optimized. However, the current urban renewal needs to improve the living quality of housing to serve the people. Therefore, when planning, constructing and renovating the interior space of public housing and meeting people's basic living conditions, people's intuitive feeling of the environment should be put first, rather than excessive attention to formal beauty—taking the EDF. de Alameda da Tranquilidade in Macau, as an example, based on the theory of space syntax, this paper conducts a convex space analysis and research on the interior space form of the first building of EDF. de Alameda da Tranqui-lidade, including the global integration degree, local integration degree (R=3,6), connectivity, intelligibility, control and Mean Depth, analyze the areas with higher integration, connection value and control value and lower areas, and make suggestions for future plane optimization, related The recommendations also apply to the second and third buildings of Yongning Plaza Building, providing better reference value and reference for relevant government departments.

URBAN SANITATION AND EPIDEMIC PREVENTION AND PUBLIC SPACE PLANNING IN MACAU

Research on the navigation between Macau international airport and portuguese-speaking countries based on variflight analysis

Research on the Practice and Optimization of Macau Urban Bus Priority Policy

The policy of "bus priority" solves the problem of urban residents' travel and is an important part of urban construction. This paper analyzes the research progress and implementation of "bus priority" at the current stage in China and the problems existing in the current situation of urban trans-portation in the practice of "bus priority" in Macau through literature analysis. The results show that although large cities in China have better implemented the "bus priority" policy, there are large differences among cities, the coverage is small, most small cities have less literature, and the in-vestment in research and construction is insufficient. At this stage, people pay more attention to the punctuality, convenience, benefit and convenience of public transport. The author provides some feasible reference suggestions for the future development environment, infrastructure construction, social value and economic level of "bus priority" in Macau.

Analysis and Research on Space Syntax in Urban Heritage Buildinga: the Conservatório de Macau as an Example

Space syntax is one of the important methods for urban analysis and calculation. Based on the theory of space syntax, this study takes the Macau Conservatory of Music, an important Portuguese historical building, as an example, to first analyze the particularity of its development history in urban heritage, followed by the internal spatial structure, and import Depthmap for operation, combined with topology-related calculation methods. By analyzing the topological values such as the overall integration, local integration, global depth and selectivity of the space, we can quantitatively explore the structure of the space, understand the relationship between the overall space and the local space of the Macau Conservatory of Music, discover the deficiencies in the space structure, and propose corresponding optimization strategies are proposed to provide ideas and reference for the future renovation of the typical performing arts architectural space in the urban heritage of Macau.

Research on the quantification of historical street space based on image semantic segmentation

Analysis and Research of Space Syntax in Urban Commercial Space: Taking the Bank of China Tower and Edificio Comercial Si Toi in Macau as Examples

Space syntax is one of the important methods of city analysis and calculation. Based on the theory of space syntax, this research takes two important commercial and financial buildings of Bank of China Tower and Edificio Comercial Si Toi in Macau as examples to analyze their internal spatial structure and import Depthmap for calculation. Combining with related topological calculation methods, by analyzing the topological values of the overall integration degree, local integration degree, global depth and selectivity of the space, quantitatively explore the structure of the space, understand the relationship between the overall space and local space of commercial buildings, and discover the spatial structure And proposed corresponding optimization strategies to provide a reference for the future reconstruction of the typical commercial building space in Macau from the 1980s to the 1990s.

Analysis on the Restoration Project and Revitalization Design of Macau Varanda Building : ——Take the Patane Library as an example

Smart streetlamps as part of a smart city approach in Macau

Smart cities are the mainstream trend of modern city development. With the promotion of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area policies, Macau, as one of the four central cities in the Greater Bay Area, has pioneered the development of smart cities. The development goal of the smart city is to use modern electronic information technology to manage, coordinate, share efficiently, and interoperate the city's transportation, logistics, energy resources, and communication services. Comprehensive perception and information collection are the basis for its smart urban management. As one of the important node devices at the perception level of the smart city, smart street lights in Macau are not only the lighting infrastructure, but also include environmental monitoring, video surveillance, communication networks, Internet of Things, information interaction, charging piles and other economic functions of the people's livelihood. Under the above premise, this article discusses the urban policies, applications and prospects of smart streetlamps in Macau. At the same time, it compares the social nature and related policies of the mainland, analyzes the particularity of building smart streetlamps in Macau, and based on the application of smart streetlamps in Macau, propose optimization and development suggestions to promote the construction and development of Macau's smart city.

Study of Roof Tiles in Lingnan Traditional Buildings and Roof Drainage Technologies

Abstract Lingnan building is a key part of Chinese classical architectural schools, and the preservation & repair technologies of Lingnan traditional building roofs, which can embody Lingnan characteristics most, are especially important. The roof tiles of Lingnan traditional buildings and roof drainage technologies were taken as the main study objects. Under the background of Lingnan environmental features, effective roof repair technologies were summarized by combining the roof tile forms and texture types, analyzing the relationship between roof tiling form and roof drainage, and supplementing the traditional tile fabrication technologies, etc., expecting to provide a pragmatic reference for the roof repair of Lingnan ancient buildings.

Stained Glass in Lingnan Historic Buildings and Its Application in Manchuria Windows

Abstract Stained glass has been extensively applied in Lingnan historic buildings, especially unique stained art glass windows which will be usually used at doors and windows needing large-area lighting for the purpose of ventilation and lighting, and they are called Manchuria windows. First of all, under the historical application background of stained glass in the Lingnan area, this study discussed the types of stained glass and the technological development in Guangzhou. Secondly, the fabrication process of glass etchings was generalized. Next, the application laws of stained glass in Manchuria windows of Lingnan historic buildings were explored. Finally, the basic combination modes of stained glass applied in Manchuria windows were obtained. These laws and modes can not only provide a reference for the repair of Lingnan historic buildings but also constitute an enlightenment on the windowing form and artistic creation of modern buildings.

The Development of Decorative Art in Lingnan House Garden in Macau — Taking Lingnan Oyster Shell Window and Manchuria Window as Examples

Research on the Development of the Style of Lingnan Homestead in Macau — Taking Mandarin’s House as an Example