The Chinese 973 project No. 2013CB228404 "Low Temperature Combustion for Wide Distillation Fuel by Controlling of Mixing Rate and Reaction Rate",  proposed to improve emissions with oxygenated wide distillation fuel: combining the advantage of gasoline and diesel fuel, blending high-volatilility low-carbon component with high-ignitability high-carbon component, can increase air-fuel mixing rate and control combustion rate. By adding oxygenated fuel, combustion and emission characteristics can be further improved. Meanwhile, the energy conversion efficiency of gasoline is also increased. 

By using oxygenated fuel(coal based fuel: Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers, PODEn/DMMn; biofuel: pentanol) to temper gasoline and diesel blends, WDF exhibits high volatility, high ignitability and high oxygen content, leading to low soot emissions. By combining low temperature combustion reducing NOx, the trade-off between NOx and soot emissions is broken, soot emissions are reduced by 90-99%, and NOx emissions are reduced by 90%. By further combining oxygenated WDF and spatially-seperated premixed compression ignition mode, fuel combustion occurs in different regions of the combustion chamber, breaking down the trade-off between thermal efficiency and pressure rise rate. Fuel consumption can be reduced by 5-10% under similar pressure rise rate. 

Representative articles:

1. Haoye Liu, Zhi Wang, Jianxin Wang, Xin He. Effects of gasoline research octane number on premixed low-temperature combustion of wide distillation fuel by gasoline/diesel blend. Fuel, 2014, 134: 381–388.

2. Jianxin Wang, Zhi Wang, Haoye Liu. Combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with Full Distillation Fuel (FDF). Fuel, 2015, 140: 561–567.
3. Haoye Liu, Zhi Wang, Jianxin Wang. Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers (PODE3-4)/ Wide Distillation Fuel (WDF) Blends in Premixed Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 8(2):2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-0810.
4. Haoye Liu, Zhi Wang, Jianxin Wang, Xin He, Yanyan Zheng, Qiang Tang. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE3-4)/diesel blends. Energy, 2015, 88: 793-800.
5. Haoye Liu, Zhi Wang, Jianxin Wang, Xin He. Improvement of emission characteristics and thermal efficiency in diesel engines by fueling gasoline/diesel/PODEn blends. Energy, 2016, 97: 105-112.
6. Haoye Liu, Zhi Wang, Bowen Li, Jianxin Wang, Xin He. Exploiting new combustion regime using multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI) fueled with gasoline/diesel/PODE (GDP). Fuel, 2016, 186: 639-647．
7. Haoye Liu, Xiao Ma, Bowen Li, Longfei Chen, Zhi Wang, Jianxin Wang. Combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and PODE/biodiesel fuel blends. Fuel, 2017, 209:62-68.
8. Haoye Liu, Zhi Wang, Bowen Li, Shijin Shuai, Jianxin Wang. Combustion and Emission Characteristics of WDF in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine Over Wide Load Range. SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2265, 2017.
9. Liu Haoye, Wang Zhi, Zhang Jun, et al. Study on combustion and emission characteristics of PODE/diesel blends in light-duty and heavy-duty diesel engines. Applied Energy 2017, 185: 1393-1402.